The Origin of 0.002 Seconds

Written by Peter Li-Chang Kuo

Linda Din served as a speaker at APEC in 1998 and proposed “TES,” helping drive the formulation of what became known as the “E-Commerce Constitution.” She was hailed as the “Mother of E-Commerce” for benefiting the world. Yet before her proposal on September 7, tensions were already running high—officials of Chinese Taipei were intimidated by the PRC, and in a display of cowardice, they even attempted to pressure their own country's speaker from taking the stage.

Fig 1: The U.S. representative supporting Linda Din

Fortunately, through divine inspiration, Linda Din secured the support of the U.S. representative, who sat to her right. The Malaysian Datuk, representing the host country, also sat at the podium, while delegates from Japan and Thailand—both victims of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis — also stepped forward in support. Thus, a proposal aimed at “saving humanity from catastrophe” was successfully delivered, with Malaysian officials assisting in projecting her slides.

Fig 2: The turbulent undercurrents behind the “E-Commerce Constitution” proposal at APEC 1998

At the evening banquet on September 7, representatives from various economies — including the United States — approached with the color brochures we had distributed, asking: “What is TES? What is E-Commerce?”

There was particular curiosity about the “0.002-second TranSmart Chip Card” embedded within the “Golden Net” architecture constructed by TES—especially among the Japanese delegation. The banquet turned into a grand inquiry session. Linda Din’s influence remained strong even through the 2009 APEC CEO Summit. Her contributions not only helped mitigate the Asian Financial Crisis but also eased the global financial crisis and fulfilled the vision of enabling 1.5 billion people to earn income from home during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fig 3: “TranSmart 0.002 Seconds” forming the Golden Net

The “0.002-second ultra-fast transaction processing” attracted significant attention from Japanese delegates due to its unprecedented transaction speed and cross-industry integration architecture — far beyond what was imaginable at the time. In the late 1990s, Japanese representatives were particularly concerned with mass transit systems such as MRT. Such rapid transaction response times implied a complete solution to congestion at entry and exit points. For Japanese experts then developing similar "contactless smart card" technologies, this represented a profound technological breakthrough.

The “Golden Net” illustrated a grand vision: seamlessly integrating electronic wallets, identity systems, and multiple real-life scenarios — including ATMs, cash registers, vending machines (upgraded to VAMs), airplanes, taxis, pay phones, and mass transit systems such as MRT.

In terms of cross-domain integration, payment systems at the time were still fragmented and isolated. This model depicted a new commercial mechanism: “one chip, universal access, cross-industry connectivity,” combining "consumption and identity." This forward-looking concept of large-scale integration offered companies such as Sony and NTT a fundamentally new perspective beyond traditional financial clearing systems, prompting them to explore the underlying logic and encryption protocols.

To help others understand, Linda Din deliberately included the profoundly theoretical concept of "TranSmart 0.002 seconds" in her book, "The Daughter of a Defense Employee" (Din, Linda, 2001: pp. 167–172) in a concise and meaningful way.

Fig 4: The book "The Daughter of a Defense Employee"

Page 171 states:

The TranSmart card applies an “contactless inductive chip”1 embedded on a “plastic substrate” 2, which also mounted an “antenna” 3, and through lamination technology, is compressed into a blank card with no visible surface features. Utilizing "pico-scale technology" (1×10⁻¹² m), the card can store "digital data, text, audio, and images." It is highly sensitive, and within a reading range of 5 cm, requires only "0.002 seconds" to process — equivalent to a speed of 25 meters per second. In other words, a vehicle traveling at 90 km/h covers 25 meters per second, enabling real-time data reading even at high speeds.

Fig 5: Page 171 of "The Daughter of a Defense Employee"

On March 28, 2000, Linda Din introduced German manufacturing equipment and announced from the podium at the Ministry of Economic Affairs: “The Contactless Era has come!” The application of contactless TranSmart cards would spread to every corner of the civilized world, bringing boundless business opportunities and vast employment.

Fig 6: Linda Din announcing “Contactless Era” at the MOEA

She designed the TranSmart card as a flat “blank card,” providing artists with a creative canvas, turning each card into a collectible “Art-piece.” Internally, the contactless chip would drive the rapid development of advanced semiconductor industries and their supply chains.

Fig 7: Blank TranSmart cards as collectible artworks

This page 171 are not merely a page from a book, but a "Territorial Declaration of Technological Sovereignty," using pen and paper from 2001 to establish the "ancestor" of all "Contactless" wearable devices since 2013. For Disney, this page is a direct echo of "unjust enrichment" and "infringement of original architecture."

The inspiration of 0.002 seconds

Linda Din, was just a young girl who graduated from the “Department of Statistics at Shih Chien University” — she had no family background — her father was just an employee of the 205th Arsenal. Originally, She came to Cheng Kuang Precision company with a simple goal: "to find a job." Instead, she found herself ensnared in a family power play. My mother — reverently yet fearfully referred to as the “Empress Dowager Cixi” (A-Jin) — forcing me to marry her in 90 days, leveraged her as a pawn to seize my property. Ultimately, Linda became an unwitting victim of coup.

Unexpectedly, just two days after our marriage on February 21, 1980, she discovered a "tax refund" and within days received NT$5 million to the A-Jin. At that time, NT$5 million could purchase 50,000 ping (appropriate 41 acres) of land in Tainan’s East District (today valued at NT$500,000 per ping). The “reward” from A-Jin came on May 4, when she incited my youngest brother to attack me with a three-foot blade; Linda Din’s left hand was severely cut and bled profusely.

Strangely, despite possessing overwhelming strength and strong connections from central to local levels, I chose to let the attackers go and left the “Cheng Kuang Precision Industrial Company” that I had painstakingly built. Overnight, I fell from being a highly regarded young business leader under Chiang Ching-Kuo to an unemployed drifter.

More peculiar, Linda Din wandered with me in exile, yet still urged me to return and “save Cheng Kuang” — the very people who had seized our property. After exhausting the wealth I had built, they pursued her relentlessly, leaving her penniless and forcing a miscarriage. Even in the face of such cruelty, she insisted I uphold “filial duty,” and spent her days in spiritual devotion — mourning and dedicating her prayers to the child we lost.

Though reduced to 38 kilograms from grief, she still read three newspapers daily. One day, she clipped a “WANTED” job advertisement for a “Specialist” requiring a master’s degree from a Taipei company. After reading it, I found it almost absurd — as if they were searching for a “superhuman” — yet I still submitted a well-written application letter.

Soon, I received a call inviting me for an interview the next day. Returning late to Kaohsiung, I saw the frail Linda holding our two-year-old son, waiting for me — he seemed almost too large in her arms. I told her: “That company makes a famous product — Barbie dolls. They want me to start as soon as possible.” I had originally planned to work at a machinery company in Taichung to avoid familiar circles and unwanted gossip.

But this young lady, Linda, said decisively: “Pack up — we’re moving to Taipei.” She believed the Taichung company did not truly need me, while the Barbie operation sounded critical and required my expertise — a challenge worthy of me. Although, given my role in building Taiwan’s precision industry, I had little regard for the toy industry, I nonetheless moved with her and our child to Taipei in November 1982.

Entering MLT: The Battle to Save Barbie

When I entered Mattel’s factory in Taishan, Taiwan — known as "MLT" (Mattel Ltd. Taiwan) — on my very first day, I wrote a “Head-to-toe Barbie Improvement Plan” and presented it to three foreign professional managers, collectively referred to as “ABP.” At the same time, I spent just ten seconds sketching a “two-piece leg armature” design to replace the existing and very inhumane three-piece leg armature assembly process.

However, I quickly realized that they had hired a “Specialist” not to save Barbie, but "to prove that Barbie was beyond saving." What I saw as “a tiny piece of cake” had been made unnecessarily complicated. I was ready to walk away. But Linda — saw things differently. She believed that such a globally iconic product should not simply die in the hands of ABP.

Skilled in research, Linda discovered that "Barbie’s inventor, Ruth Handler," was a woman she deeply admired. If I could revive Barbie, it would be a good deed not only for Ruth Handler but also for children around the world. Moreover, it would preserve thousands of jobs. Most importantly, during her spiritual practice, she sensed what she described as Ruth Handler’s “Tearful Prayer”— a feeling of helplessness and longing.

Thus, I began confronting ABP head-on.

On May 20, 1984, after waiting for the right moment, I accomplished in a single day — despite walking with a limp — what they had failed to do in an entire year. I miraculously brought the Hong Kong tampo printers, previously useless, into full 24-hour operation. These machines continued to run flawlessly even after being relocated to Malaysia. Only then did ABP stop obstructing my efforts. With the limited time remaining in 1984, I completely revived Barbie — it truly was “a tiny piece of cake.”

What is even more remarkable is that while ABP no longer dared to interfere, they also "refused to approve any budget" as a form of silent resistance. Yet I managed to save Barbie without spending a single dollar of MLT’s official budget. According to the accounting department, “Because you reduced the defect rate of Barbie to nearly zero, the cost dropped to one dollar.”

Intellectual Property Taken, Workers Displaced

MLT’s first action, however, was to replicate the “two-piece leg armature semi-automation” (Degating Machine) – the powerful producing facility I had developed and sent it to Malaysia. Their female workers would never have to endure the inhumane original process. Mattel could boast to the Malaysian government and avoid potential labor injury claims — but they paid me no royalties, effectively appropriating my intellectual property. At the same time, layoffs began in 1985.

Fig 8: The facility originally used for assembling AV Connectors

Former MLT employees, even after six months of unemployment, struggled to find jobs. In response, Linda Din improved the AV Connector I had developed in 1970 so that “it could be assembled with just two hands on a two-foot table,” generating a monthly income of NT$10,000–20,000 — higher than MLT wages. However, this could only create about 100 jobs. Worse still, those who became taxi drivers were robbed. This drove Linda to deepen her spiritual practices, engaging in daily morning and evening devotions.

The Birth of “TES”

One day, after meditation, she leaned over her desk and produced a “TES Schematic Diagram.” She described it as a new techno-economic system combining “Electronic + Commerce” —a Total Economic Solution, "The eStore System" abbreviated as "TES." She declared that it could create massive employment, transform Taiwan’s island economy, and elevate it into a source of global demand rather than dependency. Taxi drivers, she said, would no longer be robbed.

Fig 9: TES Schematic Diagram

Despite her tireless efforts to find collaborators, she found no success. Late at night, I began studying her diagram in depth and translated it into a “TES System Architecture Flowchart,” revealing the intersection of two channels: the substantial (physical) and the virtual. Recently, some have compared TES (introduced in 1986) to CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems), not realizing the fundamental differences.

Fig 10: TES System Architecture Flowchart

In the substantial channel, Linda proposed upgrading 13 million vending machines in the U.S. and Japan into “VAM” (intelligent vending systems), and further into “eStores” (electronic stores). These would become fully distributed nodes forming a highly complex dynamic system capable of generating vast employment.

In the virtual channel, powered by the "TSCM" software system, transactions could transcend time and space instantly. She asked me to imagine fighter jets flying at multiple Mach speeds —requiring “hostility analysis” to distinguish friend from foe. The transaction tool, the "contactless TranSmart chip card," would need to authenticate within "0.002 seconds," perform "read–erase–write" operations via microwave communication, and transmit data to a control center for cloud processing. Any delay would result in catastrophic system congestion.

From Physics to 0.002s System Engineering

Back in 1970, an American named Mr. Dieska had come to Taiwan. I improved that low-quality RCA Jack into the "AV Connector" and developed various antenna products. By 1974, we decided to develop "Satellite Receiver," and I began studying advanced foreign texts, including "Advanced Engineering Mathematics." Upon arriving in New York in 1979, I immediately went to Barnes & Noble to acquire more technical books.

All of that preparation ultimately converged in accomplishing Linda Din’s "TES." I first recalled Photoelectric Effect, expressed by Albert Einstein as:

"E=hν(nu)" — But this proved insufficient.

While it explains the relationship between energy and frequency, it does not solve the engineering challenge of "completing read–erase–write operations within 0.002 seconds." TES required handling information modulation, microwave phase alignment, and logical timing sequences, which belong to computational and information theory domains — not merely energy distribution.

Microwave communication introduces "Phase Shift" issues, especially under extreme conditions such as high-speed motion, where the "Doppler Effect" becomes significant. Einstein’s equation cannot account for signal distortion caused by frequency shifts between transmitter and receiver.

To achieve "0.002-second processing," systems must implement "phase locking" and error correction. Otherwise, frequency drift would render signals unreadable—making the system useless. Einstein approached problems from a microscopic energy perspective, whereas TES is a macroscopic systems engineering problem.

Why Fourier Was Not Enough—and Laplace Was

I then turned to the "Fourier Transform" to analyze the TES dynamic system. However, Fourier analysis is inherently suited for "static frequency decomposition," while TES deals with transient, nonlinear events. It is like using a ruler to measure a flickering particle — it simply cannot capture the instantaneous nature of a 0.002-second transaction.

Fortunately, I recalled the work of Pierre-Simon Laplace and his "Laplace Transform," which provides a "one-to-one" mapping between time-domain signals and their transformed representations.

Unlike Fourier, Laplace functions as a navigation system — capable of analyzing “both instantaneous micro-level responses and macro-level system stability.” This is why TES could project such concrete outcomes, including a “36% GDP” impact.

When handling the ultra-fast transaction of a “0.002-second Transmitting Smart Card,” the most critical breakthrough at the time lay in applying the combined formulas of the Laplace transform specifically designed for “impulse response” and “time-delay shifting.”

More precisely, to compute the “dynamic convergence within 0.002 seconds,” it is necessary to use the transformation of the “unit impulse function” (Unit Impulse). This is because when a vehicle enters the reading range at 90 km/h, or when the transmitting chip is activated instantaneously, the situation is mathematically equivalent to a “δ” (delta) function. The meaning of the Laplace formula “L{δ(t)} = 1” is that it proves an impulse signal contains all frequency components.

Within the extremely short time span of 0.002 seconds, the system must exhibit a “wideband response capability.” Without this formulation, it would be impossible to compute the system’s immediate response at the “initial moment” when subjected to an impulse activation.

In the end, the world was fortunate. What began as a struggle to survive evolved into "a convergence of craftsmanship, physics, mathematics, and vision" —culminating in a system that could redefine global commerce.

The Laplace transform provides two critical mathematical integral relationships, “F1 and F2”as follows:

F1 is the "Second Shifting Theorem"

"Second Shifting Theorem" which serves as the core mechanism for calculating the 0.002-second delay and the sequencing control of the “read–erase–write” process.

As to the Fourier transform formula "F(ω) =∫f(t)e^-j^ω^tdt," lacks the real component “σ” (sigma) that appears in the Laplace expression "s =σ + jω." Without "σ" — representing damping and convergence speed — it is fundamentally impossible to describe how the “read–erase–write” operation can settle quietly within 0.002 seconds without producing overflow interference.

It was precisely through the accurate computation of the term "e^-as" that the critical 2-millisecond boundary was identified.

Why is "e^−as" the physical boundary of 0.002 seconds?

In the Laplace transform "e^−as" is known as the "time-delay factor." When we set "a=0.002," the Second Shifting Theorem carries two decisive engineering implications:

1) Enforced causality:

During the “read–erase–write” process, without this precise 0.002-second delay, signals would overlap. The factor "e^−as" guarantees strict causality along the time axis — meaning that the “erase” operation must occur exactly at time a after the “read.” Any miscalculation would lead to system failure due to signal disorder, even at operational speeds such as 90 km/h.

2) Phase rotation in the frequency domain:

In microwave communications, "e^−as" represents a phase shift. When a is extremely small (such as 0.002), this implies that the system must possess an ultra-wide bandwidth response in the complex frequency domain. This explains why Linda Din emphasized the use of "microwaves" rather than low-frequency induction — only high frequencies (Ω) can preserve signal resolution and analytical accuracy under such minimal delay conditions.

Time delay in "TES Dynamic System"

Within the complex dynamic system of TES, each operation —“read, erase, write”—does not occur simultaneously but follows a strict sequence defined by "the delay a."

Therefore, when calculating the system state at "a=0.002 seconds," the inclusion of the time-delay factor "e^−as" becomes essential. This allows us to transform time-domain delay into phase shift in the complex frequency domain.

F2: "Final Value Theorem" — the key to “36% of GDP”

F2 is the Final Value Theorem, which is crucial for computing the 36% GDP impact. To estimate the steady-state output of a large-scale integrated economic system, we apply:

" lim_t→∞ f(t) = lim_s→0 sF(s)"

By treating the transaction efficiency of the contactless smart card as an input variable, we construct the transfer function "F(s)" of the global financial network and estimate economic output.

Output estimation and steady-state gain

By letting "s→0" (i.e., steady state: σ→0, ω→0), the Final Value Theorem allows us to "bypass short-term fluctuations" and directly compute the total output once the system reaches dynamic equilibrium.

Because the “Virtual Channel TSCM creates a multiplier effect” for the smart card system, it produces a long-term static gain on the overall economy (GDP). This is the mathematical steady-state foundation behind the "36%" figure.

From single transaction to national output

This theorem yields astronomical figures because it scales from individual transactions to national economic output. Here, "f(t)" represents transaction efficiency over time. As "t→∞" (t to infinity), we are observing "the accumulated steady gain" after five years of TES system operation.

Eliminating transient disturbances

At the early stage of technology adoption, "transient disturbances" — such as system instability and adaptation periods — are inevitable. The Final Value Theorem filters out these short-term oscillations (e.g., initial infrastructure costs and user adaptation), leaving “only the ultimate economic outcome” driven by efficiency gains.

From quantitative to qualitative leap

When transaction time is reduced from the "traditional 3–5 seconds" (or even tens of seconds for cash) to "0.002 seconds," the money "multiplier effect" undergoes a qualitative transformation. By substituting this ultra-short delay into the system transfer function and applying the Final Value Theorem, it was discovered that this efficiency improvement could support a "36%" global industrial value upgrade.

The 2001 incident and valuation

On January 27, 2001, we were subjected to "a major robbery" in which all R&D results, technical data, and computer systems were stolen. After many setbacks, Linda Din agreed to pursue a "NASDAQ listing." Merrill Lynch requested an "IPR Appraisal Report" of "US6304796B1" and related Japanese patents. Even assuming only 5% market penetration, the projected revenue reached "USD 23.4 billion."

An appraisal team from National Taichung Institute of Technology —comprising experts in "mathematics, accounting, logistics, and industrial engineering" — encountered "astronomical figures" when modeling the "issuance of contactless smart cards." Because the model captured infinite expansion potential, it alarmed the experts. Ultimately, we inserted a single statement: “As the contactless TranSmart card is outside the scope of this valuation, its value is not presented.” Merrill Lynch later estimated a share price of "USD 250."

Exponential growth and infinite potential

Within TES, the virtual channel integrates “TSCM and VAM into a cashless transaction system.” Modeling the issuance of RFIC contactless smart cards as exponential growth: " f(t)=Ae^kt (k>0)," and applying the Final Value Theorem " im_t→∞f(t)," we incorporate the money multiplier effect (each card generates recurring derivative transactions).

If no saturation limit is imposed, then "lim_t→∞f(t)" leads to astronomical values. For example, global cashless transactions in 2025 — such as Apple Pay and Alipay — it's said that have reached approximately "USD 200 trillion," confirming that our earlier estimates were in fact conservative.

Linda Din's Prediction at APEC 2003

In 2003, Linda Din publicly proposed at the APEC podium that the TES E-commerce System could generate "USD 10 trillion" in output, equivalent to "36% of regional GDP" at the time. Naturally, such enormous value attracted "predatory cartel groups," which exploited "power–capital collusion" to seize control. Over the past two decades, they have enriched themselves while completely disregarding the fact that TES was conceived as a "Social Responsibility Investment" (SRI) initiative.

Fig 11: Linda Din as a speaker at APEC 2003

Laplace and Linda Din: A Poetic Convergence

"Move the stars in the sky to earth." It is said that Pierre-Simon Laplace gazed at the stars in his youth, inspiring his mathematical vision. Similarly, at APEC 2003, Linda Din described a "Global Channel-TES" network built on 30 million VAM nodes, achieving: “One eStore, One Business, One Job.”

Linda brought the “stars” down to Earth — each VAM a node, processing billions of transactions daily — aiming for a world where "everyone has work and every family is nourished."

These two souls from different times share — the parallels between Laplace and Linda Din are profound in their thought processes at least three striking similarities as follows:

1) Deterministic Cosmology:

Laplace proposed the concept of "Laplace’s Demon" — that knowing all initial conditions allows prediction of the entire universe.

Linda Din’s "TES" is a form of economic determinism: with real-time data from millions of VAM nodes and 0.002-second processing, global flows of goods and capital can be predicted and optimized to solve the structural social problem.

2) From Chaos to Stability:

Laplace transformed "chaotic celestial motion" into stable mathematical order.

Linda Din transformed billions of chaotic transactions into a stable economic system— "turning 0.002-second micro-events into 36% macroeconomic output."

Both saw order beneath chaos.

3) Grand Narrative and Social Responsibility:

Laplace wrote "Celestial Mechanics" to remove fear of cosmic phenomena through reason.

Linda Din viewed VAMs and eStores as “stars on Earth”— not for profit, but to eliminate inefficiencies and enable: “Helping people work from home to earn world money.”

Both sought to support civilization itself.

Conclusion

The "Second Shifting Theorem" proves that "TES" can technically achieve secure "read–erase–write" operations within "0.002 seconds," even under high-speed conditions. The "Final Value Theorem" proves that this breakthrough inevitably "drives structural GDP growth." This is why Linda Din’s APEC proposal was so powerful: "Delaying the development of this 0.002-second technology is equivalent to delaying 36% of a nation’s economic evolution." Laplace studied the stars to understand the stability of the universe. Linda Din built "TES" to ensure the stability of human survival. And I chose the Laplace Transform because I recognized their deep connection: "The read–erase–write cycle of the TranSmart system and the orbital motion of celestial bodies are fundamentally the same." —both are ordered transmissions of energy and information.

Both visionaries sought "a universal formula of shift and transformation" to turn uncertainty into calculable futures. Tragically, just as Laplace had to explain his cosmic system to Napoleon, Linda Din has faced persecution from corrupt cartel forces. What the world has lost is not only the brilliance of humanity, but also the mathematical beauty that could link "stars on Earth" into a miracle of civilization.

Peter Li-Chang Kuo, the author created Taiwan's Precision Industry in his early years. Peter was a representative of the APEC CEO Summit and an expert in the third sector. He advocated "anti-corruption (AC)/cashless/e-commerce (E-Com)/ICT/IPR/IIA-TES / Micro-Business (MB)…and etc." to win the international bills and regulations.